1916 - Sykes-Picot Agreement
1916 - 《塞克斯——皮科尔协定》

　　Britain and France signed the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which divided the Arab region into zones of influence. Lebanon and Syria were assigned to France, Jordan and Iraq to Britain and Palestine was to be internationalized.

　　英国和法国签署《塞克斯——皮科尔协定》，在阿拉伯地区划分势力范围。叙利亚和黎巴嫩由法国托管，约旦和伊拉克由英国托管，巴勒斯坦由国际共管。

1917 - Balfour Declaration
1917 - 《贝尔福宣言》

Arthur J. Balfour
阿瑟•詹姆斯•贝尔福

　　The British government therefore issued the Balfour Declaration on November 2, 1917, in the form of a letter to a British Zionist leader from the foreign secretary Arthur J. Balfour: His Majesty's Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.

　　英国政府于1917年11月2日发表《贝尔福宣言》，外交大臣阿瑟•詹姆斯•贝尔福以书信的形式向英国的犹太复国主义领导人表示: 英王陛下政府赞成在巴勒斯坦建立一个犹太人的民族之家，并愿尽最大努力促其实现；但应明确理解，不得做任何事情去损害目前巴勒斯坦非犹太人的公民权利和宗教权利，或者损害其他国家犹太人所享有的权利和政治地位。

1947 - Great Britain withdraw & the UN partition plan
1947 – 英国撤军和联合国分治决议

　　Exhausted by seven years of war and eager to withdraw from overseas colonial commitments, Great Britain in 1947 decided to leave Palestine and called on the United Nations (UN) to make recommendations. In response, the UN convened its first special session in 1947, and on November 29, 1947, it adopted a plan calling for partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem as an international zone under UN jurisdiction; the Jewish and Arab states would be joined in an economic union. The partition resolution was endorsed by a vote of 33 to 13, supported by the United States and the Soviet Union. The British abstained.

　　疲于七年战争的英国急欲从海外殖民事务中脱离出来，1947年，英国决定撤出巴勒斯坦，将问题提交联合国处理。因此，联合国于1947年11月29日召开了第一次特别会议，通过了181号巴勒斯坦分治决议，在巴勒斯坦分别建立犹太国和阿拉伯国，耶路撒冷作为国际性地区由联合国管理。分治决议得到美国和苏联的支持，以33票赞成、13票反对通过，英国投了弃权票。

1948 - First Arab-Israeli War
1948 – 第一次中东战争

　　In Palestine, Arab protests against partition erupted in violence, with attacks on Jewish settlements in retaliation to the attacks of Jews terrorist groups to Arab Towns and villages and massacres in hundred against unarmed Palestinian in their homes , that soon led to a full-scale war. The British generally refused to intervene, intent on leaving the country no later than August 15, 1948, the date in the partition plan for termination of the mandate.

　　When it became clear that the British intended to leave by May 15, leaders of the Yishuv decided (as they claim) to implement that part of the partition plan calling for establishment of a Jewish state. In Tel Aviv on May 14 the Provisional State Council, formerly the National Council, representing the Jewish people in Palestine and the World Zionist Movement, proclaimed the establishment of the Jewish State in Palestine, to be called Medinat Israel (the State of Israel) , open to the immigration of Jews from all the countries of their dispersion.

　　On May 15 the armies of Egypt, Transjordan (now Jordan), Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq joined Palestinian and other Arab guerrillas who had been fighting Jewish forces since November 1947. The war now became an international conflict, the first Arab-Israeli War. The Arabs failed to prevent establishment of a Jewish state, and the war ended with four UN-arranged armistice agreements between Israel and Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. The frontiers defined in the armistice agreements remained until they were altered by Israel's conquests during the Six days War in 1967.

　　在巴勒斯坦，阿拉伯人的抗议分治活动演化成为暴力冲突，他们袭击了犹太人定居点，以报复犹太恐怖组织进攻阿拉伯城镇和乡村，屠杀数以百计的非武装的巴勒斯坦平民.不久就引发了全面战争。英国拒绝介入这场战争，决意要在48年8月15日即分治决议规定的托管终止日期之前离开巴勒斯坦。

　　当得知英国要在5月15日离开巴勒斯坦时，Yishuv的领导人决定(正如他们宣称的那样)实施分治协议的部分内容，号召建立犹太人的国家。5月14日，临时政府委员会，也就是过去代表巴勒斯坦犹太人和世界犹太复国运动的民族委员会，在特拉维夫宣称要在巴勒斯坦建立犹太人的国家，国号为MEDINAT以色列（以色列国），并接纳分散在世界各国的犹太移民。

　　5月15日，埃及、外约旦（现在的约旦王国）、叙利亚、黎巴嫩和伊拉克军队与巴勒斯坦和其它自1947年11月以来一直同犹太军队作战的阿拉伯游击队组成联军。这场战争成为了一场国际冲突，即第一次中东战争。阿拉伯国家最终没能阻止犹太人建国。在联合国的安排下，以色列与埃及、黎巴嫩、约旦和叙利亚签署了四个停火协议，战争宣告结束。这次停火协议中划定的国家边界一直延续到1967年，由于以色列在六天战争中的占领而被改变。

1967 - The Six days War
1967 – 六天战争

　　After the Suez-Sinai war Arab nationalism increased dramatically, as did demands for revenge led by Egypt's president Nasser. The formation of a united Arab military command that massed troops along the borders, together with Egypt's closing of the Straits of Tiran and Nasser's insistence in 1967 that the UNEF leave Egypt, led Israel to attack Egypt, Jordan, and Syria simultaneously on June 5 of that year.

　　The war ended six days later with an Israeli victory. Israel's French-equipped air force wiped out the air power of its antagonists and was the chief instrument in the destruction of the Arab armies.

　　The Six days War left Israel in possession of Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula, which it took from Egypt; Arab East Jerusalem and the West Bank, which it took from Jordan; and the Golan Heights, taken from Syria. Land under Israel's jurisdiction after the 1967 war was about four times the size of the area within its 1949 armistice frontiers. The occupied territories included an Arab population of about 1.5 million.

 　　The occupied territories became a major political issue in Israel after 1967. The right and leaders of the country's orthodox religious parties opposed withdrawal from the West Bank and Gaza, which they considered part of Israel. In the Labor Alignment, opinion was divided; some Laborites favored outright annexation of the occupied territories, others favored withdrawal, and some advocated retaining only those areas vital to Israel's military security. Several smaller parties, including the Communists, also opposed annexation. The majority of Israelis, however, supported the annexation of East Jerusalem and its unification with the Jewish sectors of the city, and the Labor-led government formally united both parts of Jerusalem a few days after the 1967 war ended. In 1980 the Knesset passed another law, declaring Jerusalem complete and united Israel's eternal capital.

　　The 1967 war was followed by an upsurge of Palestinian Arab nationalism. The group succeeded in gaining widespread international support, including UN recognition as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinians.

　　经过苏伊士－西奈战争后，泛阿拉伯民族主义热情高涨，这也正是埃及总统纳塞尔领导的复仇运动所需要的。阿拉伯联盟军的成立要求大量部队沿边界部署，再加上埃及迫近蒂郎海峡以及1967年纳塞尔坚持联合国紧急部队撤出埃及这一系列原因导致了以色列于6月5日这一天同时向埃及、约旦和叙利亚发起进攻。战争于6天后以以色列的胜利而告终。以色列法式装备空军部队消灭了其对手的空中力量，对打击阿拉伯军队发挥了关键作用。六日战争使得以色列占领了埃及的加沙和西奈半岛，约旦的阿拉伯东耶路撒冷和西岸以及叙利亚的格兰高地。自1967年战争后，以色列管辖下的土地比1949年停火协议中划定的面积扩大了三倍。被占领土居住着大约150万阿拉伯人。1967年后，被占领土成为以色列主要的政治问题。右翼和东正教派领导人反对从西岸和加沙撤军，他们认为那是以色列的一部分。工党的观点出现分歧，一些人赞成彻底吞并被占领土，另一部分人赞成撤军，还有一些人建议只保留对以色列军事安全非常重要的区域。一些小党派包括共产党也反对吞并。但是大多数以色列人支持吞并东耶路撒冷，与城市的犹太区合并。工党领导的政府在1967年战争结束几天后正式将耶路撒冷的两部分合并。1980年以色列议会通过了一部法律，宣布耶路撒冷完整和统一地成为以色列的永久首都。

　　1967年战争后，巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯民族主义高涨。巴解领导下的几个游击队组织以拯救巴勒斯坦为目的，发动了对以色列军事目标的游击战争。这些游击组织得到了国际社会的广泛支持，联合国认可其为巴勒斯坦唯一合法代表。

1974 - PLO representative of the Palestinian people
1974 - 巴勒斯坦解放组织代表巴勒斯坦人民

　　The Arab Summit in Rabat recognized the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. At the United Nations General Assembly, the UN reaffirmed its commitment to an independent sovereign state in Palestine and gave the PLO observer status at the United Nations. Yasser Arafat, chairman of the PLO, addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations.

　　1974年拉巴特举行的阿拉伯国家首脑会议一致承认巴勒斯坦解放组织是巴勒斯坦人民的唯一合法代表。联合国大会重申了同意在巴勒斯坦土地上建立一个独立的主权国家，给予巴解组织联合国观察员地位。巴解主席亚西尔•阿拉法特在联大上发表演讲。

UNITED
NATIONS
General Assembly

A/RES/181(II)(A+B)
29 November 1947

Resolution 181 (II).
PLAN OF PARTITION WITH ECONOMIC UNION

　　the UN convened its first special session in 1947, and on November 29, 1947, it adopted a plan calling for partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem as an international zone under UN jurisdiction; the Jewish and Arab states would be joined in an economic union.

联合国
安理会

1947年11月29日

181号决议
分治决议

　　１９４７年１１月联合国大会通过第１８１号决议，决定在巴勒斯坦地区建立一个“犹太国”和一个“阿拉伯国”，并将巴勒斯坦地区２．７万平方公里土地中的１．５２万平方公里划给“犹太国”，其余的１．１１５万平方公里划归“阿拉伯国”。

　　规定耶路撒冷为国际化城市，由联合国管理。

联合国242号决议

UNITED
NATIONS
Security Council
Resolution 242 (1967)
of 22 November 1967

The Security Council,

　　Expressing its continuing concern with the grave situation in the Middle East,

　　Emphasizing the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war and the need to work for a just and lasting peace in which every State in the area can live in security,

　　Emphasizing further that all Member States in their acceptance of the Charter of the United Nations have undertaken a commitment to act in accordance with Article 2 of the Charter,

　　1. Affirms that the fulfillments of Charter principles requires the establishment of a just and lasting peace in the Middle East which should include the application of both the following principles:

(i) Withdrawal of Israel armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict;

(ii) Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgment of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force;

　　2. Affirms further the necessity

(a) For guaranteeing freedom of navigation through international waterways in the area;

(b) For achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem;

(c) For guaranteeing the territorial inviolability and political independence of every State in the area, through measures including the establishment of demilitarized zones;

　　3. Requests the Secretary-General to designate a Special Representative to proceed to the Middle East to establish and maintain contacts with the States concerned in order to promote agreement and assist efforts to achieve a peaceful and accepted settlement in accordance with the provisions and principles in this resolution;

　　4. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council on the progress of the efforts of the Special Representative as soon as possible.

　　Adopted unanimously at the 1382nd meeting.

联合国第２４２号决议
联合国
安理会
（1967）242号决议
1967年11月22日

　　表示其不断关切中东严重情势，
　　强调不容以战争获取领土，以及必须致力公正及持久和平，使该地区每一国家均得安然生存，
　　后强调所有会员国接受联合国宪章，即负有遵照宪章第二条行动之义务，

　　1． 确认为改造宪章原则，必须于中东建立公正及持久和平，其中应包括实施下面两项原则：

(i) 以色列军队撤离其于最近冲突所占领之领土；

(ii) 终止一切交战地位之主张或状态，尊重并该地区每一国家之主权、领土完整及政治独立，与其在安全及公认之疆界内和平生存、不威胁及武力行为之权利；

　　2． 后确认必须：

(a) 保证该地区国际水道之自由通航；

(b) 达成难民问题之公正解决；

(c) 经由包括建立非武装地带在内之措施，保证该地区每一国家之领土不受侵犯及政治独立；

　　3． 请秘书长指定特派代表一人前往中东与关系各国建立并保持接触，以期促成协议并协助努力依照本决议案之规定及原则达成和平及各方接受之解决办法；

　　4． 请秘书长就特派代表努力之进展情形，尽速向安全理事会具报。

　　第1382次会议一致通过。

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